Embora não exista consenso de nomenclatura, alguns dos critérios utilizados para classificar os exercícios são o tipo de contração muscular (isotônicos ou isométricos), deslocamento do corpo (dinâmicos ou estáticos), continuidade do esforço (contínuos ou intervalados), fonte energética (aeróbios ou anaeróbios), ou ainda de acordo com a intensidade dos esforços (suaves ou intensos).
ISOTÔNICOS: apresentam alternância de contrações concêntricas e excêntricas.
ISOMÉTRICOS: utilizam contrações estáticas (isométricas).
DINÃMICOS: apresentam deslocamento do corpo no espaço.
ESTÁTICOS: são realizados sem deslocamento do corpo.
CONTÍNUOS: são interrompidos apenas no final da sessão.
INTERVALADOS: apresentam várias interrupções para descanso durante a sessão.
AERÓBIOS: a produção energética é quase que exclusivamente aeróbia.
ANAERÓBIOS: grande parte da energia é produzida anaerobiamente.
SUAVES: produzem pouca energia na unidade de tempo, sem grande esforço.
INTENSOS: produzem muita energia na unidade de tempo, com grande esforço.
Do ponto de vista médico, a classificação mais importante é a que considera a intensidade dos esforços. Quanto mais intensa a atividade, maior a necessidade de aptidão e saúde, sendo maiores os riscos de lesões músculo-esqueléticas e intercorrências cardiovasculares. Intensidade é a expressão biológica da potência, ou seja, além da energia produzida na unidade de tempo, é considerado o grau de esforço necessário para a realização da tarefa. Assim sendo, uma mesma tarefa pode ser de baixa intensidade para uma pessoa bem condicionada, e de alta intensidade para outra pessoa com baixos níveis de aptidão.
Pessoas debilitadas, descondicionadas ou doentes devem realizar apenas exercícios suaves, quaisquer que sejam as outras classificações da atividade. No entanto, a noção de que exercícios suaves são sempre isotônicos e aeróbios não é correta. Exercícios isométricos podem ser suaves, como é o caso de contrações musculares em um membro imobilizado por aparelho gessado. Exercícios anaeróbios podem ser suaves, como no caso de uma sessão de musculação com pesos sub-máximos. Por outro lado, exercícios isotônicos e aeróbios como por exemplo pedalar ou correr próximo do limiar anaeróbio são considerados intensos, promovem elevação considerável da frequência cardíaca, e podem oferecer risco cardiovascular para pessoas com doença coronariana, às vezes sub-clínica.
Fonte: Sentir Bem
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